Federalism raises several challenges to democratic theory,especially as developed for unitary states. Federal arrangements are often morecomplex, thereby challenging standards of transparency and accountability. Therestricted political agendas of each center of authority also require defense(Dahl 1983; Braybrooke 1983).
The power that sub-unitswield in federations often restricts or violatesmajority rule, in ways that merit careful scrutiny. Federal politicalorders typically influence individuals’ political influence by skewing theirvoting weight in favor of citizens of small sub-units, or by granting sub-unitrepresentatives veto rights on central decisions. Minorities thus exercisecontrol in apparent violation of principles of political equality andone-person-one-vote — more so when sub-units are of different size.





